Associations of fish with various types of littoral habitats in reservoirs

Fish associations with different types of littoral habitats were studied in four canyon‐shaped reservoirs in the Czech Republic in years 2010 and 2011 by gillnets. Two to three habitats per reservoir–beaches (former meadows), stump fields (former forest) and rubble slopes–were defined and sampled along the longitudinal axis of reservoirs. Effects of reservoir, habitat and locality (position along longitudinal axis) on fish biomass, abundance and species structure were tested for juvenile and adult fish separately. Hierarchical analysis of variance revealed that habitats differed significantly in fish biomass and abundance. Redundancy analysis showed that analysed environmental variables had significant influence on fish community structure. Most variability in community structure was explained by reservoir and then by combination of habitat and slope steepness. Locality position had the smallest influence on community structure. For both adult and juvenile fish total abundance and biomass, the most inhabited habitat was beaches; rubble slopes were the least inhabited. Habitat associations differed among species. Among adults, bream Abramis brama, white bream Blicca bjoerkna and roach Rutilus rutilus were associated with beaches and stump fields, whereas perch Perca fluviatilis, ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, asp Aspius aspius and pike Esox lucius were associated with rubble slopes. Bream, white bream, bleak Alburnus alburnus, roach, ruffe and pikeperch Sander lucioperca were associated with beaches among juveniles, whereas the only juvenile associated with rubble slopes was perch. We showed that most common species are associated with distinct habitats and also that utilisation of various littoral habitats differs in general.     

基于斜率比法评定断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率

本试验旨在研究不同铜源（硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜）和铜添加水平（20和30 mg/kg）对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清铜含量与含铜酶活性以及组织铜含量的影响,探讨断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率。试验采用3×2双因子随机区组设计,选取平均体重为（8.98±0.48） kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪112头,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮（铜含量为7.80 mg/kg）,各试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加20或30 mg/kg硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜或柠檬酸铜（均以铜含量计）。试验预试期3 d,正试期28 d。结果表明：1）试验组与对照组断奶仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。2）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对血清铜蓝蛋白和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性均无显著影响（P>0.05）。3）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪肝脏铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对心脏、肾脏、胰脏和跖骨铜含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）根据多元线性回归斜率比法计算,以血清铜...     

黑土长缓坡地形与横垄对土壤有机碳空间分异的交互作用

横坡垄作对坡耕地土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）流失有一定的阻控作用,但黑土区特有长而缓的地形与横垄对坡耕地SOC空间分异会产生交互作用,而这种交互作用引发的SOC流失风险没引起足够的重视。该研究以典型黑土区黑龙江省黑河市北安分局红星农场为研究区域,2022年在横坡垄作与顺坡水线方向上共布设25个采样点,采用地理探测器模型、单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA）和Pearson相关性分析,探讨土壤有机碳的空间分异及其交互作用。结果表明,横坡垄作方向上垄沟土壤有机碳含量从坡顶到水线呈现逐渐增大的变化趋势;在垄台从坡顶到水线呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。顺坡水线方向,土壤有机碳含量在垄沟呈现从上坡到下坡增大的变化趋势;在垄台呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。由于断垄产生水线,顺坡土壤有机碳含量上坡与下坡仍有显著差异（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析表明, 有机碳与可蚀性K因子呈显著负相关（垄沟和垄台相关系数分别为–0.228和–0.238,P＜0.05）,与碳循环相关的β-葡萄糖苷酶和微生物生物量碳在垄沟呈极显著正相关（相关系数为0.398和0.676,P<0.01）。地理探测器分析表明,顺坡水线对土壤有机碳空间分异的影响最大,其对垄沟和垄台SOC的解释力分别达到61%和52%以上;顺坡水线与其他因子的交互作用共同增强了对土壤有机碳的解释力,尤其是顺坡水线与高程的交互作用最为明显。黑土区坡耕地土壤有机碳空间分异主要受顺坡水线与高程的交互作用,横坡垄作虽然能够拦截径流,但由于长缓坡地形影响产生的断垄会加剧土壤侵蚀诱发的有机碳流失。因此,黑土坡耕地治理需要同时考虑横垄与地形的共同影响,从而实现防蚀的优化效果。     

干热河谷冲沟侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长和土壤水分关系研究

金沙江干热河谷区冲沟侵蚀极为发育,形成大量侵蚀劣地,对该区域侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长特征和土壤水分状况进行了调查分析。结果表明,1)侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长差异较大,草被盖度和地上生物量大小均表现为:坡上部坡中部坡下部,且坡下部与坡上部和坡中部之间草被生长状况存在极显著差异(P0.01);2)同等降雨状况下,不同坡位土壤水分含量随时间延长均呈现指数递减趋势,但其衰减速率不同,导致土壤水分含量存在差异,衰减速率表现为:坡上部坡中部坡下部,土壤水分含量表现为相反顺序;3)监测时段内土壤水分(土壤平均含水量和末次土壤含水量)与草被覆盖度和生物量之间均呈现极显著正相关关系(P0.01),说明侵蚀劣地不同坡位下土壤水分差异是决定草被生长差异的关键因素。     

疏勒河流域2001~2010年水足迹动态特征及评价

随着人口增长、城市化进程的发展和社会经济发展,以及全球气候变化等因素的影响,疏勒河地区生态用水不断被挤占,造成地下水位下降,天然植被也因缺水而退化,水资源供需矛盾突出,为了有效改善水资源利用效率,利用水足迹模型研究了疏勒河流域2001~2010年的水足迹动态特征。结果表明:疏勒河流域2001~2010年总水足迹呈增长趋势,人均水足迹从2001年的772.537m3增加到2010年的1 304.476m3。疏勒河流域水资源集约利用度呈增长趋势,从2001年的6.053增加到2010年的10.875,说明疏勒河流域水资源利用效率提高了。疏勒河流域水资源压力指数从2001年的0.447增加到2010年的0.747,说明疏勒河水资源利用压力虽处于水资源可承载范围内,但其水资源压力不断上升。农田灌溉用水和农田种植面积均与农畜产品虚拟水足迹呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。未来还需从实施节水农业战略等方面提高流域水资源利用效率,以及通过虚拟水贸易方式优化产业结构,以实现疏勒河流域水资源可持续利用和经济社会可持续发展。     

香根草防治公路边坡水土流失试验研究

香根草在公路边坡上试验种植后生长情况良好，其发达的根系能有效治理公路边坡的水土流失．是生物工程治理公路边坡的一种较好植物，有推广发展的价值。     

旱坡地集水枣园土壤水分动态研究

在旱坡地上采取隔坡集蓄径流水平沟的整地方法营建枣园，集蓄坡面径流，增加枣园土壤含水率，有效地控制水土流失；通过对枣园土壤水分连续３年的定点观测，掌握了枣园土壤水分动态的变化规律，分析结果表明，所采取的集水工程集水效果较好。     

杉檫混交根系效应的研究

In this paper,the root system and their associated effect of mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tsumu at eight-year-old were investigated and analyzed.The results showed that Sassafras tsumu might play a important role in improving the root system of Cunninghamia lanceolata growth due to the single root weight of Cunninghamia lanceolata in mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tsumu was evidently more than that of Cunninghamia lanceolata in pure forest,and that there were different mixed effects in mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafra tsumu in different slope situation,which meant that the associated effect was better in higher slope situation than in lower slope situation,and which reflected in the effect of Sassafra tsumu to the height and D.B.H.growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata.This Study indicated that the associated effect was positively related to the effect of roots system.     

退耕还林中生态补偿政策存在的问题浅析——以贵州省晴隆县紫马乡为例

通过对贵州省晴隆县紫马乡退耕还林的调查研究,分析了目前在经济补偿政策中出现的补偿标准不合理,后续管护存在"漏补"现象、补偿年限非持续性,存在复耕隐患、补偿资金融资渠道单一,投入产出错位、补构偿政策执行有偏差等问题.提出了调整补偿标准、延长补偿期限、建立多层次的经济补偿制度等政策建议.     

The method for designing the profile of forest roads supported by genetic algorithm

This study examines a method for designing an optimum profile of a forest road in a short matter of time. In this method, a genetic algorithm (GA) searches for points where the gradient changes and dynamic programing (DP) designs the longitudinal slope. This method can be applied to the ground heights of an actual forest road. The evaluation function of the DP assesses the total expenditure. The inverse of this function is the fitness function. Crossover and mutation are operators of an evolution simulation of a GA. They are each repeated 20 times and 420 profiles are designed and assessed, all within about 10 min. A comparison of the profile designed by the GA with that of an actual forest road shows only one section where the formation level differed substantially. Overall, both profiles seem to show a high degree of correspondence. From this result, we believe that the profile designed by the GA is best, or the one of the best. A conventional method takes about 65 h to calculate all changing points of gradients. However, by using the GA, the calculation time was reduced to about 1/389 that of the coventional method, showing that the method which uses the GA through the profile design is very useful.